Ngexesha lokunyangwa kobushushu be-aluminiyam kunye ne-alloys ye-aluminium, imiba eyahlukeneyo ihlala idibana, efana nale:
-Ukubekwa kwenxalenye engafanelekanga: Oku kunokukhokelela kwi-deformation yenxalenye, kaninzi ngenxa yokususwa kobushushu okwaneleyo ngumthombo wokucima ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukufezekisa iipropati ezifunwayo zoomatshini.
-Ukufudumeza ngokukhawuleza: Oku kunokubangela ukuguqulwa kwe-thermal; ukubekwa kwenxalenye efanelekileyo kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukufudumeza.
-Ubushushu obugqithisileyo: Oku kunokukhokelela ekunyibilikeni okungaphelelanga okanye ekunyibilikeni kwe-eutectic.
-Ukukala komphezulu / i-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu.
-Unyango olugqithisileyo okanye olunganelanga lokuguga, zombini ezo zinokubangela ukulahleka kweempawu zoomatshini.
-Ukuguquguquka kwexesha / ubushushu / iiparamitha zokucima ezinokubangela ukuphambuka kumatshini kunye / okanye iimpawu ezibonakalayo phakathi kwamalungu kunye neebhetshi.
-Ukongezelela, ukufana kweqondo lokushisa elibi, ixesha elinganelanga lokugquma, kunye nokungapholisi ngokwaneleyo ngexesha lokunyanga ubushushu besisombululo kunokuncedisa kwiziphumo ezingonelanga.
Unyango lobushushu yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yobushushu kwishishini le-aluminiyam, makhe siphengulule kulwazi olunxulumene ngakumbi.
1.Unyango lwangaphambili
Iinkqubo zokunyanga kwangaphambili eziphucula isakhiwo kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo ngaphambi kokucima kunenzuzo ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka. Unyango lwangaphambili lubandakanya iinkqubo ezinje nge-spheroidizing annealing kunye nokuthomalalisa isiqabu soxinzelelo, kwaye ezinye zikwathatha unyango lokucima kunye nobushushu okanye unyango oluqhelekileyo.
Ukuphelisa Uxinzelelo: Ngexesha lobuchwephesha, uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lunokuphuhla ngenxa yezinto ezifana neendlela zomatshini, ukubandakanyeka kwesixhobo, kunye nezantya zokusika. Ukusabalalisa okungafaniyo kwezi xinzelelo kunokukhokelela ekugqwetheni ngexesha lokucima. Ukunciphisa ezi ziphumo, ukuthomalaliswa koxinzelelo lwexinzelelo ngaphambi kokucinywa kuyafuneka. Iqondo lobushushu lokuthomalalisa unxunguphalo ludla ngokuba yi-500-700°C. Xa ukufudumala kwindawo yomoya, ukushisa kwe-500-550 ° C kunye nexesha lokubamba iiyure ezingama-2-3 kusetyenziselwa ukukhusela i-oxidation kunye ne-decarburization. Ukuphazamiseka kwenxalenye ngenxa yobunzima bokuzimela kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngexesha lokulayisha, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zifana nokulinganisa okusemgangathweni.
Unyango lobushushu boPhuculo loLwakhiwo: Oku kuquka spheroidizing annealing, quenching kunye tempering, unyango normalizing.
-Spheroidizing Annealing: Kubalulekile kwisixhobo sekhabhoni yensimbi kunye nentsimbi yensimbi yensimbi ngexesha lokunyanga ubushushu, isakhiwo esifunyenwe emva kwe-spheroidizing annealing sichaphazela kakhulu ukuguquka kwendlela ngexesha lokucima. Ngokulungelelanisa isakhiwo se-post-annealing, umntu unokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka rhoqo ngexesha lokucima.
-Ezinye iindlela zonyango lwangaphambili: Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziswa ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokucima, njengokucima kunye nokufudumala, unyango oluqhelekileyo. Ukukhetha unyango lwangaphambili olufanelekileyo njengokucima kunye nokufudumala, unyango oluqhelekileyo olusekelwe kwisizathu sokuphazamiseka kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zenxalenye kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphazamiseka. Nangona kunjalo, isilumkiso siyimfuneko kuxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kunye nokwanda kobunzima emva kokufudumala, ngokukodwa ukucinywa kunye nokunyangwa kweyeza kunokunciphisa ukwanda ngexesha lokucinywa kweentsimbi eziqukethe i-W kunye ne-Mn, kodwa kunempembelelo encinci ekunciphiseni ukuguqulwa kweentsimbi ezifana ne-GCr15.
Kwimveliso ebonakalayo, ukuchonga unobangela wokuphelisa ukugqwetheka, nokuba kungenxa yoxinzelelo olushiyekileyo okanye ulwakhiwo olubi, kubalulekile kunyango olusebenzayo. Ukuthomalalisa isiqabu soxinzelelo kufuneka kuqhutyelwe ukugqwethwa okubangelwa luxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, ngelixa unyango olufana nokushushubeza okutshintsha isakhiwo akuyomfuneko, kwaye ngokuphendululekileyo. Kuphela ke injongo yokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokucima inokufezekiswa ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho.
2.Ukucima umsebenzi wokufudumeza
Ukucima Ubushushu: Ubushushu bokucima buchaphazela kakhulu ukuphazamiseka. Singakwazi ukufezekisa injongo yokunciphisa i-deformation ngokulungelelanisa ubushushu bokucima, okanye isibonelelo somatshini esigciniweyo siyafana nobushushu bokucima ukufezekisa injongo yokunciphisa ukuguqulwa, okanye ukukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kugcinwe isibonelelo somatshini kunye nobushushu bokucima emva kweemvavanyo zonyango lobushushu. , ukuze kuncitshiswe isibonelelo soomatshini esilandelayo. Impembelelo yokucima ubushushu ekucimeni i-deformation ayihambelani kuphela kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo kwi-workpiece, kodwa ihambelana nobukhulu kunye nokuma kwendawo yokusebenza. Xa imilo kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece yahluke kakhulu, nangona i-workpiece ye-workpiece iyafana, i-quenching deformation trend ihluke kakhulu, kwaye umqhubi kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kule meko kwimveliso yangempela.
Ukucima Ukubamba Ixesha: Ukukhethwa kwexesha lokubamba akuqinisekisi kuphela ukufudumeza ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokufumana ubunzima obufunwayo okanye iimpawu zomatshini emva kokucima kodwa kuqwalaselwe umphumo walo ekuphazamiseni. Ukwandisa ixesha lokubamba ukucima kwandisa ubushushu bokucima, ngokukodwa ukuchazwa kwekhabhoni ephezulu kunye nentsimbi ephezulu yechromium.
Ilayisha Iindlela: Ukuba i-workpiece ifakwe kwifomu engafanelekanga ngexesha lokufudumala, iya kubangela ukuguqulwa ngenxa yobunzima bomsebenzi okanye ukuguqulwa ngenxa yokubambisana phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza, okanye ukuguqulwa ngenxa yokufudumeza okungalinganiyo kunye nokupholisa ngenxa yokupakisha ngokugqithiseleyo kwezinto zokusebenza.
Indlela yokufudumeza: Kwimilo entsonkothileyo kunye nobungqingqwa obahluka-hlukeneyo, ngakumbi ezo zinekhabhoni ephezulu kunye ne-alloy element, inkqubo yokufudumeza ecothayo nefanayo ibalulekile. Ukusebenzisa ukufudumala kwangaphambili kudla ngokuyimfuneko, ngamanye amaxesha kufuna imijikelo emininzi yokufudumeza. Kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezinkulu ezingaphathwanga ngokufanelekileyo ngokufudumeza kwangaphambili, ukusebenzisa isithando somlilo sebhokisi kunye nokufudumeza okulawulwayo kunokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukufudumeza ngokukhawuleza.
3. Umsebenzi wokupholisa
Ukucinywa kwe-deformation kuqala kuphuma kwinkqubo yokupholisa. Ukucima okufanelekileyo okukhethiweyo okuphakathi, ukusebenza ngobuchule, kunye nenyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo yokupholisa ngokuthe ngqo kuchaphazela ukucima ukuguqulwa.
Ukucima uKhetho oluPhakathi: Ngelixa uqinisekisa ubunzima obufunwayo emva kokucima, imidiya yokucima i-milder kufuneka ikhethwe ukunciphisa ukugqwetha. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlambela ezishushu ukupholisa (ukwenza lula ukolula ngeli lixa indawo iseshushu) okanye nokupholisa umoya kuyacetyiswa. Amanzi anamazinga okupholisa phakathi kwamanzi kunye ne-oyile nawo anokuthi athathe indawo yeendlela ezimbini ze-oyile yamanzi.
-Ukucima umoya wokupholisa: Ukucima i-air-cooling quenching iyasebenza ekunciphiseni ukucima i-deformation ye-high-speed steel, i-chromium mold steel kunye ne-air-cooling micro-deformation steel. Kwintsimbi ye-3Cr2W8V engadingi ubunzima obuphezulu emva kokucima, ukucinywa komoya kungasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-deformation ngokulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu bokucima.
-Ukupholisa ioli kunye nokucinywa: ioyile yindawo yokucima enesantya esisezantsi kakhulu sokupholisa kunamanzi, kodwa kwezo zixhobo zokusebenza ezinobunzima obuphezulu, ubungakanani obuncinci, ubume obuntsonkothileyo kunye nokuthambekela okukhulu kwe-deformation, inqanaba lokupholisa leoli liphezulu kakhulu, kodwa kwizinto zokusebenza ezinobungakanani obuncinci kodwa buhlwempuzekile. ukuqina, izinga lokupholisa leoli alanelanga. Ukuze kusonjululwe oku kuphikisana kungasentla kwaye kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo ukucima i-oyile ukuze kuncitshiswe i-deformation yokucima i-workpieces, abantu baye bamkela iindlela zokulungelelanisa ubushushu be-oyile kunye nokwandisa ubushushu bokucima ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweoli.
-Ukutshintsha ubushushu beoyile yokucima: Ukusebenzisa ubushushu obufanayo be-oyile yokucima ukunciphisa ukucima ukuguqulwa kuseneengxaki ezilandelayo, oko kukuthi, xa ubushushu be-oyile buphantsi, i-deformation yokucima isenkulu, kwaye xa ukushisa kweoli kuphezulu, kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba workpiece emva kokucima ubulukhuni. Ngaphantsi kwesiphumo esidityanisiweyo semilo kunye nezinto zezinye izinto zokusebenza, ukwandisa ubushushu be-oyile yokucima kunokunyusa ukuguqulwa kwayo. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukumisela ubushushu beoyile yeoyile yokucima emva kokuphumelela uvavanyo ngokweemeko zangempela zezinto zokusebenza, ubungakanani becandelo kunye nemilo.
Xa usebenzisa ioli eshushu yokucima, ukuze ugweme umlilo obangelwa ukushisa kweoli ephezulu okubangelwa ukucima kunye nokupholisa, izixhobo ezifunekayo zokucima umlilo kufuneka zixhotyiswe kufuphi netanki yeoli. Ukongezelela, isalathisi somgangatho weoli yokucima kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo, kwaye ioli entsha kufuneka ihlaziywe okanye itshintshwe ngexesha.
-Yandisa ubushushu bokucima: Le ndlela ifanelekile kwi-workpieces encinci ye-carbon steel cross-section kunye ne-alloy workpieces enkulu kancinane engakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobunzima emva kokufudumeza kunye nokugcinwa kobushushu kumaqondo okushisa aqhelekileyo kunye nokucima ioli. Ngokunyusa ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu bokucima kwaye emva koko ukucima ioli, umphumo wokuqina kunye nokunciphisa ukuguqulwa kunokufezekiswa. Xa usebenzisa le ndlela yokucima, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuthintela iingxaki ezinjengokutya okuziinkozo, ukunciphisa iipropathi zoomatshini kunye nobomi benkonzo ye-workpiece ngenxa yokwanda kobushushu bokucima.
-Ukuhlelwa kunye nokunciphisa: Xa ubunzima bokucima bunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo, ukuhlelwa kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwendawo yokuhlambela eshushu kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo ukufezekisa injongo yokunciphisa ukucima ukuguqulwa. Le ndlela iphinda isebenze kwi-low-hardability, i-carbon-structural iron iron kunye nesixhobo sensimbi, ngakumbi i-chromium equlethe i-die steel kunye ne-speed-speed steel workpieces enobunzima obuphezulu. Ukuhlelwa kwendawo yokuhlambela eshushu kunye nendlela yokupholisa i-austempering ziindlela ezisisiseko zokucima olu hlobo lwentsimbi. Ngokufanayo, iyasebenza kwakhona kwezo zintsimbi zekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi ephantsi ye-alloy yesakhiwo engadingi ubunzima obuphezulu bokucima.
Xa ukucima ngebhafu eshushu, le miba ilandelayo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo:
Okokuqala, xa ibhafu yeoyile isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kunye nokucima i-isothermal, ubushushu be-oyile kufuneka balawulwe ngokungqongqo ukuthintela ukwenzeka komlilo.
Okwesibini, xa ucima ngamabakala etyuwa ye-nitrate, itanki yetyuwa ye-nitrate kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nezixhobo zokupholisa amanzi. Ngokwamanye amanyathelo okhuseleko, nceda ujonge ulwazi olufanelekileyo, kwaye awusayi kuphinda apha.
Okwesithathu, ubushushu be-isothermal kufuneka balawulwe ngokungqongqo ngexesha lokucinywa kwe-isothermal. Ukushisa okuphezulu okanye okuphantsi akuncedi ekunciphiseni ukucima ukuguqulwa. Ukongezelela, ngexesha lokuxhatshazwa, indlela yokuxhoma ye-workpiece kufuneka ikhethwe ukukhusela i-deformation ebangelwa ubunzima bomsebenzi.
Okwesine, xa usebenzisa i-isothermal okanye ukucima i-graded ukulungisa imilo ye-workpiece ngelixa kushushu, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye isenzo kufuneka sikhawuleze ngexesha lokusebenza. Thintela iziphumo ezibi kumgangatho wokucima umsebenzi.
Umsebenzi wokupholisa: Ukusebenza ngobuchule ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa kunempembelelo enkulu ekucimeni i-deformation, ngakumbi xa kusetyenziswa amanzi okanye i-oyile yokucima i-oyile.
-Umkhombandlela oLungileyo wokuCima ukungena okuPhakathi: Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-symmetrically elinganayo okanye emide efana nentonga kufuneka icinywe ngokuthe nkqo phakathi. Iinxalenye ze-asymmetric zinokucinywa kwi-angle. Ulwalathiso oluchanekileyo lujolise ekuqinisekiseni ukupholisa okufanayo kuzo zonke iindawo, kunye neendawo zokupholisa ezicothayo ezingena kwindawo yokuqala, zilandelwa ngamacandelo okupholisa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqwalaselwa kobume besixhobo sokusebenza kunye nefuthe laso kwisantya sokupholisa kubalulekile ekusebenzeni.
-Intshukumo yeeNdawo zokuSebenza kwindawo yokuCima okuPhakathi: Iindawo zokupholisa ezicothayo kufuneka zijongane nendawo yokucima. I-workpieces ene-symmetrically shapes kufuneka ilandele indlela elungeleleneyo kunye neyunifomu phakathi, igcine i-amplitude encinci kunye nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezincinci kunye nezinde, ukuzinza ngexesha lokucima kubalulekile. Kuphephe ukujingi kwaye ucinge ukusebenzisa iiclamp endaweni yokubopha ucingo ukuze ulawule ngcono.
-Isantya sokuCima: Izixhobo zokusebenza kufuneka zicinywe ngokukhawuleza. Ngokukodwa kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezibhityileyo, ezinjengentonga, isantya esicothayo sokucima kunokukhokelela ekwandeni koguquko lokugoba kunye nomahluko kwi-deformation phakathi kwamacandelo acinywe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.
-Ukupholisa okuLawulweyo: Kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezinomahluko omkhulu kubukhulu becandelo elinqamlezayo, khusela amacandelo okupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nezinto ezifana nentambo ye-asbestos okanye iishidi zentsimbi ukunciphisa izinga lokupholisa kunye nokufezekisa ukupholisa okufanayo.
-Ixesha lokupholisa emanzini: Kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezifumana inguquko ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwesakhiwo, nciphisa ixesha lazo lokupholisa emanzini. Kwizixhobo zokusebenza eziphantsi koguquko ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-thermal, zandisa ixesha lokupholisa emanzini ukunciphisa ukucima ukonakala.
Ihlelwe nguMay Jiang esuka kwiMAT Aluminium
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-21-2024
