Ubhedu
Xa inxalenye ye-aluminium-ecebileyo ye-aluminium-copper alloy i-548, ubuninzi be-solubility yobhedu kwi-aluminium yi-5.65%. Xa ubushushu behla ukuya kwi-302, ukunyibilika kobhedu ngu-0.45%. I-Copper yinto ebalulekileyo ye-alloy kwaye inesisombululo esithile esiqinileyo sokuqinisa. Ukongeza, i-CuAl2 iqiniswe kukuguga inefuthe elicacileyo lokomeleza ukuguga. Umxholo wobhedu kwi-aluminium alloys ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-2.5% kunye ne-5%, kwaye umphumo wokuqinisa ungcono xa umxholo wobhedu uphakathi kwe-4% kunye ne-6.8%, ngoko umxholo wobhedu we-duralumin alloys ungaphakathi kolu luhlu. I-alloys ye-aluminium-copper ingaba ne-silicon encinci, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-chromium, i-zinc, isinyithi kunye nezinye izinto.
Isilicon
Xa inxalenye ye-aluminium ecebileyo ye-Al-Si i-alloy system ine-eutectic yokushisa kwe-577, ubuninzi be-solubility ye-silicon kwisisombululo esiqinileyo yi-1.65%. Nangona ukunyibilika kuncipha ngobushushu obuhlayo, ezi alloys ngokubanzi azinakomelezwa lunyango lobushushu. I-aluminium-silicon alloy ineempawu ezigqwesileyo zokuphosa kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola. Ukuba i-magnesium kunye ne-silicon zongezwa kwi-aluminium ngexesha elifanayo ukwenza i-aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy, isigaba sokuqinisa i-MgSi. Ubungakanani bobunzima be-magnesium kwi-silicon yi-1.73: 1. Xa kuyilwa ukubunjwa kwe-al-Mg-Si alloy, iziqulatho ze-magnesium kunye ne-silicon zicwangciswe kulo mlinganiso kwi-matrix. Ukuze kuphuculwe amandla ezinye ii-alloys ze-Al-Mg-Si, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wobhedu wongezwa, kwaye ixabiso elifanelekileyo le-chromium liyongezwa ukucima imiphumo emibi yobhedu ekuxhathiseni ukubola.
Ubuninzi be-solubility ye-Mg2Si kwi-aluminium kwi-aluminium-ecebileyo inxalenye yomzobo wesigaba sokulingana kwenkqubo ye-alloy ye-Al-Mg2Si yi-1.85%, kwaye i-deceleration incinci njengoko ukushisa kuncipha. Kwi-alloys ye-aluminiyam ekhubazekileyo, ukongezwa kwe-silicon yodwa kwi-aluminiyam kukhawulelwe kwizinto ze-welding, kwaye ukongezwa kwe-silicon kwi-aluminium nako kunempembelelo ethile yokomeleza.
Magnesium
Nangona ijika le-solubility libonisa ukuba ukunyibilika kwe-magnesium kwi-aluminiyam kuncipha kakhulu njengoko iqondo lobushushu liyehla, umxholo we-magnesium kuninzi lwe-alloys ye-aluminiyam ekhubazekileyo kwimizi-mveliso ingaphantsi kwe-6%. Umxholo we-silicon nawo uphantsi. Olu hlobo lwe-alloy alunakomelezwa ngonyango lobushushu, kodwa lunokuqina kakuhle, ukuxhathisa okuhle kokubola, kunye namandla aphakathi. Ukuqiniswa kwe-aluminium nge-magnesium kubonakala. Kukonyuka kwe-1% kwi-magnesium, amandla okuqina anyuka malunga ne-34MPa. Ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-1% i-manganese yongezwa, umphumo wokuqiniswa unokongezwa. Ke ngoko, ukongeza i-manganese kunokunciphisa umxholo we-magnesium kunye nokunciphisa ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okutshisayo. Ukongeza, i-manganese inokuphinda ikhuphe ngokulinganayo iikhompawundi zeMg5Al8, iphucule ukuxhathisa kokubola kunye nokusebenza kwe-welding.
IManganese
Xa ubushushu be-eutectic bomzobo wesigaba se-flat equilibrium yenkqubo ye-alloy ye-Al-Mn yi-658, ubuninzi be-solubility ye-manganese kwisisombululo esiqinileyo yi-1.82%. Amandla e-alloy ayanda ngokunyuka kwe-solubility. Xa umxholo we-manganese u-0.8%, ubude bufikelela kwixabiso eliphezulu. I-al-Mn i-alloy i-alloy non-age hardening alloy, oko kukuthi, ayikwazi ukuqiniswa ngonyango lokushisa. I-Manganese inokuthintela inkqubo yokubuyisela kwakhona i-alloys ye-aluminium, ukwandisa ubushushu bokubuyisela kwakhona, kunye nokucoca kakhulu iinkozo ezihlaziyiweyo. Ukucokiswa kweenkozo ezihlaziyiweyo ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba amasuntswana asasaziweyo eekhompawundi ze-MnAl6 athintela ukukhula kweenkozo eziphinde zenziwe njengekristale. Omnye umsebenzi we-MnAl6 kukunyibilikisa isinyithi sokungcola ukwenza (Fe, Mn) Al6, ukunciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi zentsimbi. I-Manganese yinto ebalulekileyo kwi-alloys ye-aluminiyam. Inokongezwa yodwa ukwenza i-al-Mn binary alloy. Amaxesha amaninzi, yongezwa kunye nezinye izinto zokudibanisa. Ngoko ke, i-alloys ezininzi ze-aluminium zine-manganese.
Zinc
I-solubility ye-zinc kwi-aluminium yi-31.6% kwi-275 kwinxalenye ye-aluminium-esityebi kwi-diagram yesigaba sokulingana kwenkqubo ye-alloy ye-Al-Zn, ngelixa ukunyibilika kwayo kwehla ukuya kwi-5.6% kwi-125. Ukongeza i-zinc yodwa kwi-aluminium inokuphucula kakhulu amandla e-aluminium alloy phantsi kweemeko zokuguqulwa. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho ukuthambekela koxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ukongeza i-zinc kunye ne-magnesium kwi-aluminium ngexesha elifanayo lenza isigaba sokuqinisa i-Mg / Zn2, esinempembelelo enkulu yokomeleza kwi-alloy. Xa umxholo we-Mg / Zn2 unyuswa ukusuka kwi-0.5% ukuya kwi-12%, amandla okuqina kunye namandla esivuno anokwandiswa kakhulu. Kwii-alloys ze-aluminium superhard apho umxholo we-magnesium udlula inani elifunekayo ukwenza isigaba se-Mg / Zn2, xa umlinganiselo we-zinc ukuya kwi-magnesium ulawulwa malunga ne-2.7, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-corrosion cracking resistance kukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukongeza into yobhedu kwi-Al-Zn-Mg yenza i-Al-Zn-Mg-Cu series alloy. Umphumo wokuqiniswa kwesiseko ngowona mkhulu phakathi kwazo zonke ii-alloys ze-aluminium. Ikwayinto ebalulekileyo ye-aluminium alloy kwi-aerospace, ishishini lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, kunye neshishini lamandla ombane.
Intsimbi kunye nesilicon
Intsimbi yongezwa njengezinto ezixutywayo kwi-Al-Cu-Mg-Ni-Fe uthotho lwealluminiyam eyenziwe ngealloyi, kwaye isilicon yongezwa njengezinto ezixutywayo kuthotho lweAl-Mg-Si eyenziwe nge-aluminium kunye nakuluhlu lwe-Al-Si lwe-welding rods kunye ne-aluminium-silicon casting. ialloyi. Kwisiseko se-aluminium alloys, i-silicon kunye nentsimbi zizinto eziqhelekileyo zokungcola, ezinempembelelo enkulu kwiipropati ze-alloy. Zikhona ikakhulu njengeFeCl3 kunye nesilicon yasimahla. Xa i-silicon inkulu kunentsimbi, i-β-FeSiAl3 (okanye i-Fe2Si2Al9) isigaba senziwe, kwaye xa isinyithi sikhulu kune-silicon, i-α-Fe2SiAl8 (okanye i-Fe3Si2Al12) yenziwe. Xa umlinganiselo wesinyithi kunye ne-silicon engafanelekanga, kuya kubangela ukuqhekeka ekubunjweni. Xa isiqulatho sentsimbi kwi-aluminiyam etyhidiweyo iphezulu kakhulu, ukuphosa kuya kuba brittle.
I-Titanium kunye neBoron
I-Titanium yinto eyongezelelweyo esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-alloys ye-aluminium, eyongezwe ngendlela ye-Al-Ti okanye i-Al-Ti-B master alloy. I-Titanium kunye ne-aluminium zenza isigaba se-TiAl2, esiba yinto engabonakaliyo ngexesha le-crystallization kwaye idlala indima ekuphuculeni isakhiwo sokuphosa kunye nesakhiwo se-weld. Xa i-al-Ti alloys ifumana i-package reaction, umxholo obalulekileyo we-titanium malunga ne-0.15%. Ukuba i-boron ikhona, ukucotha kuncinci njenge-0.01%.
Chromium
I-Chromium yinto eqhelekileyo yokongeza kwi-Al-Mg-Si series, i-Al-Mg-Zn series, kunye ne-Al-Mg series alloys. Kwi-600 ° C, i-solubility ye-chromium kwi-aluminium yi-0.8%, kwaye ayinyibiliki kwiqondo lokushisa. I-Chromium yenza i-intermetallic compounds ezifana ne (CrFe) Al7 kunye (i-CrMn) i-Al12 kwi-aluminium, ethintela i-nucleation kunye nenkqubo yokukhula ye-recrystallization kwaye inefuthe elithile eliqinisayo kwi-alloy. Iyakwazi nokuphucula ukuqina kwe-alloy kunye nokunciphisa ukukhuseleka koxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking.
Nangona kunjalo, isiza sonyusa ubuntununtunu, senza ifilimu ye-anodized ibe tyheli. Isixa se-chromium esongeziweyo kwi-alloys ye-aluminium ngokuqhelekileyo ayidluli i-0.35%, kwaye iyancipha ngokunyuka kwezinto eziguqukayo kwi-alloy.
Strontium
I-Strontium yinto esebenza phezu komhlaba enokuthi iguqule ukuziphatha kwezigaba ze-intermetallic compound crystallographically. Ke ngoko, unyango lokuguqulwa kunye ne-strontium element inokuphucula ukusebenza kweplastiki yealloy kunye nomgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela. Ngenxa yexesha elide elisebenzayo lokuguqulwa, isiphumo esihle kunye nokuphindaphinda, i-strontium ithathe indawo yokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium kwi-Al-Si yokuphosa i-alloys kwiminyaka yamuva. Ukongeza i-0.015% ~ 0.03% ye-strontium kwi-aluminium alloy ye-extrusion ijika isigaba se-β-AlFeSi kwi-ingot kwisigaba se-α-AlFeSi, ukunciphisa ixesha le-ingot homogenization nge-60% ~ 70%, ukuphucula iimpawu ze-mechanical kunye ne-plastic processability of materials; ukuphucula uburhabaxa bomphezulu weemveliso.
Kwi-silicon ephezulu (i-10% ~ 13%) i-alloys ye-aluminium ephosakeleyo, ukongeza i-0.02% ~ 0.07% i-strontium element inokunciphisa iikristale eziphambili zibe zincinci, kwaye iipropati zomatshini nazo ziphuculwe kakhulu. Amandla e-tensile бb anyuswe ukusuka kwi-233MPa ukuya kwi-236MPa, kwaye amandla emveliso б0.2 anyuke ukusuka kwi-204MPa ukuya kwi-210MPa, kwaye i-elongation б5 inyuke ukusuka kwi-9% ukuya kwi-12%. Ukongeza i-strontium kwi-hypereutectic Al-Si alloy inokunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana e-silicon ephambili, iphucule iipropathi zokusetyenzwa kweplastiki, kwaye yenza kube lula ukuqengqeleka okushushu nokubandayo.
Zirconium
I-Zirconium nayo yongezelela eqhelekileyo kwii-alloys ze-aluminium. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imali eyongeziweyo kwi-alloys ye-aluminium yi-0.1% ~ 0.3%. I-Zirconium kunye ne-aluminium ifom ye-ZrAl3 i-compounds, enokuthi ithintele inkqubo ye-recrystallization kunye nokucoca iinkozo ezihlaziyiweyo. I-Zirconium inokuphucula kwakhona isakhiwo sokuphosa, kodwa umphumo uncinci kune-titanium. Ubukho be-zirconium buya kunciphisa umphumo wokucoca okuziinkozo we-titanium kunye ne-boron. Kwii-alloys ze-Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, ekubeni i-zirconium inefuthe elincinci ekucimeni ukuvakalelwa kune-chromium kunye ne-manganese, kuyafaneleka ukusebenzisa i-zirconium endaweni ye-chromium kunye ne-manganese ukucokisa isakhiwo esihlaziyiweyo.
Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zongezwa kwii-alloys ze-aluminium ukunyusa i-supercooling yecandelo ngexesha lokuphosa i-aluminium alloy, ukucokisa iinkozo, ukunciphisa isithuba sekristale yesibini, ukunciphisa iigesi kunye nokufakwa kwi-alloy, kwaye ithambekele kwi-spheroidize isigaba sokubandakanywa. Isenokunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wokunyibilika, ukwandisa ulwelo, kunye nokuququzelela ukuphosa kwiingots, ezinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo. Kungcono ukongeza imihlaba eyahlukeneyo enqabileyo malunga ne-0.1%. Ukongezwa kwemixube yomhlaba enqabileyo (exutyiweyo i-La-Ce-Pr-Nd, njl. njl.) kunciphisa ubushushu obubalulekileyo bokwakheka kwendawo ye-G?P egugayo kwi-Al-0.65%Mg-0.61%Si ingxubevange. I-alloys ye-aluminium equlethe i-magnesium inokuvuselela i-metamorphism yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Ukungcola
I-Vanadium ifom ye-VAL11 ye-refractory compound kwi-alloys ye-aluminium, edlala indima yokucoca iinkozo ngexesha lokunyibilika kunye nokuphosa, kodwa indima yayo incinci kune-titanium kunye ne-zirconium. I-Vanadium nayo inefuthe lokucokisa isakhiwo esihlaziyiweyo kunye nokwandisa ubushushu bokubuyisela kwakhona.
Ukunyibilika okuqinileyo kwe-calcium kwi-alloys ye-aluminiyam iphantsi kakhulu, kwaye yenza ikhompawundi ye-CaAl4 ene-aluminiyam. I-calcium yinto engaphezulu kweplastiki yealloys ye-aluminiyam. Ialloyi ye-aluminiyam malunga ne-5% ye-calcium kunye ne-5% ye-manganese ine-superplasticity. I-calcium kunye ne-silicon yenza i-CaSi, enganyibilikiyo kwi-aluminiyam. Kuba isixa sesisombululo esiluqilima se-silicon sincitshisiwe, ukuhanjiswa kombane kwe-aluminium ecocekileyo yeshishini kunokuphuculwa kancinci. I-calcium inokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kwee-alloys ze-aluminium. I-CaSi2 ayinakomeleza iialloyi ze-aluminiyam ngonyango lobushushu. Ukulandelela izixa ze-calcium ziluncedo ekususeni i-hydrogen kwi-aluminiyam etyhidiweyo.
Ilothe, i-tin, kunye ne-bismuth element ziintsimbi ezisezantsi zokunyibilika. Ukunyibilika kwabo okuqinileyo kwi-aluminium kuncinci, okunciphisa kancinci amandla e-alloy, kodwa kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika. I-Bismuth iyanda ngexesha lokuqiniswa, okuluncedo ekutyeni. Ukongeza i-bismuth kwi-alloys ye-magnesium ephezulu kunokuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwe-sodium.
I-Antimony isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-modifier kwi-alloys ye-aluminium ephosiweyo, kwaye ayifane isetyenziswe kwi-alloys ye-aluminiyam ekhubazekileyo. Kuphela endaweni ye-bismuth kwi-al-Mg egqwebileyo yealluminiyam ialloy ukukhusela i-sodium embrittlement. I-Antimony element yongezwa kwezinye ii-alloys ze-Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kweenkqubo zoxinzelelo olushushu kunye noxinzelelo olubandayo.
I-Berryllium inokuphucula isakhiwo sefilimu ye-oxide kwi-alloys ye-aluminium ephosakeleyo kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko evuthayo kunye nokufakwa ngexesha lokunyibilika nokuphosa. IBeryllium yinto enetyhefu enokubangela ityhefu ekwaliwayo ebantwini. Ngoko ke, i-beryllium ayinakufumaneka kwii-alloys ze-aluminium ezidibana nokutya kunye neziphuzo. Umxholo we-beryllium kwizinto ze-welding zihlala zilawulwa ngaphantsi kwe-8μg / ml. I-alloys ye-aluminium esetyenziswe njenge-welding substrates kufuneka ilawule umxholo we-beryllium.
Isodium phantse ayinyibiliki kwi-aluminiyam, kwaye ubuninzi be-solubility eqinileyo ingaphantsi kwe-0.0025%. indawo yokunyibilika yesodium iphantsi (i-97.8 ℃), xa i-sodium ikhona kwi-alloy, i-adsorbed kwindawo ye-dendrite okanye umda weenkozo ngexesha lokuqiniswa, ngexesha lokutshisa, i-sodium kumda weenkozo yenza umaleko we-adsorption wamanzi, okubangelwa ukuqhekeka kwe-brittle, ukubunjwa kwe-NaAlSi compounds, akukho sodium yamahhala ekhoyo, kwaye ayivelisi "i-sodium brittle".
Xa umxholo we-magnesium udlula i-2%, i-magnesium ithatha i-silicon kunye ne-precipitates ye-sodium yamahhala, okubangelwa "i-sodium brittleness". Ke ngoko, i-aluminium ephezulu ye-magnesium alloy ayivumelekanga ukusebenzisa ityuwa yesodium. Iindlela zokuthintela "i-sodium embrittlement" ziquka i-chlorination, ebangela ukuba i-sodium yenze i-NaCl kwaye ikhutshwe kwi-slag, yongeza i-bismuth ukwenza i-Na2Bi kwaye ingene kwi-matrix yensimbi; ukongeza i-antimony ukwenza i-Na3Sb okanye ukongeza imihlaba enqabileyo nayo ingaba nesiphumo esifanayo.
Ihlelwe nguMay Jiang esuka kwiMAT Aluminium
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-08-2024
